Studies in history and philosophy of science and technology

Yury Oleksiyovych KHRAMOV (on his 90th birthday)

V. S. Savchuk — 2024-01-11

The role of tacit knowledge at different stages of scientific research: on the materials of opinions and memories outstanding scientists of the 20th century

H. G. Starikova — 2024-01-10

The article analyzed the role of implicit knowledge in scientific researches. Implicit knowledge has been actively studied by epistemologists during the XX century. Based on the results of these studies, scientists and philosophers concluded, in particular, that implicit knowledge takes some part in all stages of scientific research activity, but almost no one has analyzed the specifics of the role and functioning of implicit knowledge at different stages. We believe that one of the meaningful sources of information about the participation of tacit knowledge in the scientific process can undoubtedly be considered the reflections on this topic of the most prominent scientists. Therefore, the purpose of the work is to analyze the role and functions of tacit knowledge at various stages of the scientific research process, based on the material of self-analysis and self-observation of researchers-scientists who took a direct part in scientific and cognitive activities. The main methods in our work were analysis, synthesis, comparison, as well as historical and genetic methods. Since the vast majority of researchers paid attention only to the final and most creative stage of the discovery of new knowledge and the role of unconscious components in this process, we chose a different path – the subject of our analysis became the earliest and least researched stages of finding and formulating a research problem, as well as the stage of obtaining empirical data. Main results. Based on the reasoning of outstanding scientists of the 20th century – A. Einstein, A. Poincare, J. Hadamard, one can be sure that the deep prerequisites of the theoretical choice have their origin in intuitively obvious ideas for a wide range of the scientific community about the structure and characteristics of reality, which are “embedded” in the scientific theory. The most fundamental fragments of tacit knowledge take part in this process, which are equally determined by the cultural and historical environment, as well as by the personal characteristics and passions of a particular scientist. Such implicit knowledge forms the basis of the “picture of the Universe” described by M. Polanyi. That is why, when analyzing the process of choosing a theoretical base for further research, it is always necessary to remember the subjective “carrier” of the theory, its creator and interpreter, about the specific scientist who makes the choice in favor of a certain theoretical construction. It should be noted that the initial selection of the problem for research is carried out unconsciously from the material that is in an implicit form, so the choice can be influenced by displaced layers of implicit knowledge that are beyond the control of consciousness. Sometimes repressed implicit knowledge becomes the cause of a negative choice, even rejection of one or another theoretical construction, as well as even “unfounded” forgetting of correctly posed problems, which A. Poincare repeatedly mentioned. In the process of obtaining empirical data, unconscious elements can actively interfere with the activity of the sense organs and thus influence the results of a purely physiological process of perception. Some researchers even believed that the process of scientific perception and observation is a simultaneous combination of perception and “initial” interpretation, which, unlike the interpretation of fact as a rational procedure, is not explicitly formulated. The analysis made it possible to come to the following conclusions. Acquaintance with the works of J. Hadamard, A. Poincare and other scientists of the 20th century proved that tacit knowledge is included in scientific and cognitive activity at its very first stages. At the beginning of the research, the most active is the deep layer of implicit knowledge – prerequisite, worldview and others that are part of the general picture of the Universe. Their functioning in conjunction with purposeful logical thinking stimulates the activation of new, diverse types of implicit knowledge. In the process of treatment factual information, one of the most important and very essential for cognitive activity advantages of tacit knowledge is realized – the possibility of simultaneously processing information at several levels of the unconscious and using various types of tacit knowledge. Therefore, further analysis of the works of outstanding scientists, which in one or another way relate to the process of obtaining new knowledge, will make it possible to more thoroughly investigate the problem of implicit knowledge as an element of the unconscious cognitive system of a person.

Philosophical conceptions and theoretical foundations of historical anthropology as a modern philosophy of history forming

S. Sh. Aytov — 2024-01-10

The article analyzes the impact of methodological approaches of philosophical thought on the formation of historical anthropology as a modern philosophy of history. The methodology of this work is based on the principles of complementarity, structure, and dialogue. In the study of labor problems, methods were involved: philosophical hermeneutics, systemic- structural, interdisciplinary. Historical anthropology as a version of the philosophy of history, which explores the mental- cultural plane of causes, the essence of historical processes and their possible projection into the future, has a significant potential for understanding the global social- cultural dynamics in past eras through philosophical- historical concepts. An important condition for the implementation of this scientific task is the analysis of the formation of the theoretical foundations of historical- anthropological dimensions of philosophical- historical thought. The study of the specified problem field is based on the study of the philosophical theories of R. G. Collingwood, K. Lévi- Strauss, and M. Foucault. The main ideas of R. G. Collingwood, which are important for the formation of the concepts of historical anthropology as a modern philosophy of history, include the understanding of the philosophical potential of historical thought; the need to combine philosophical concepts and historical methodologies; the importance of understanding the mental and cultural horizon of the past through the philosophy of history. Among the factors influencing the structuralist concepts of K. Lévi- Strauss on the formation of the theoretical foundations of historical anthropology as a modern philosophy of history, it is possible to single out the analysis of mythological elements of perception of the world by proto- societies; identification and studies of unconscious components of psychology and culture of societies of the specified type, implementation of scientific interactions of historical knowledge and ethnology. Important concepts of M. Foucault, which influenced the formation of theoretical approaches of historical anthropology as a modern philosophy of history, includes the analysis of unconscious elements of the psyche of societies in different eras of the past; understanding the phenomenon of «otherness» in history; study of mental representations in European society about mental illnesses; research on the understanding of the phenomenon of madness in Western European art; studies of the mentality of doctors in the Early Modern Time. The theoretical foundations of historical anthropology as a modern philosophy of history, which were formed under the influence of philosophical concepts, include the ontological, epistemological and axiological planes. The ontological plane is manifested in the formation of the problem field of historical- anthropological studies, the mental- cultural horizon of the past. Its composition includes: analysis of the subconscious foundations of psychology and mythological systems of proto- societies and early- historian societies; understanding the communities’ perception of the specified types of various socio- cultural phenomena, in particular diseases and means of treatment; the attitude of societies to certain social groups, in particular to doctors; analysis of the perception of political power and the mechanisms of formation of its social- psychological foundations. The epistemological plane is revealed in the formation of historical- anthropological concepts of methods of analysis of deep, unconscious aspects of the psychological and cultural dimension of past eras; effective application of an interdisciplinary approach in the analysis of mental phenomena and social behavior; realization of cognitive interaction of methodological approaches of ethnology and historical anthropology. The axiological plane consists in stimulating the spread in the understanding of the mental- cultural horizon of historical processes of the values of humanism, pluralism and the equality of cultures and civilizations of the past and the present; dialogue of various cultures, worldview systems and intellectual traditions.

The phenomenon of law in modern consumer society

T. S. Pavlova — 2024-01-10

Modern consumer society needs its definition and scientific development, as well as an understanding of the specifics of the phenomenon of law as one of its social regulators. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the rational, ontological and axiological aspects of this phenomenon and the specifics of their manifestation in modern society, in which consumption becomes a key moment. The purpose of the article is to determine the features of law as a phenomenon in the modern consumer society. The methodology of the work includes socio-philosophical analysis, dialectics, phenomenological method, logical and system-structural analysis. The combination of these methods allows revealing the essential characteristics of the phenomenon of law and its existence in social reality in accordance with the changes that are constantly occurring and require their regulation. Description of the main results. In the process of research, it was determined that the rationality of law, its philosophical dimensions determine legal reality as a set of diverse and at the same time interconnected legal phenomena. The forms of existence and implementation of law in society are defined, as well as the peculiarities of their functioning today. Law is considered as communication and semiotics, which is extremely relevant in view of modern cultural processes in which communication takes on new forms, and semiotics is constantly changing. The importance of philosophical reflection on law is clarified, since an exclusively legal approach does not reveal its essence as a phenomenon. The ontological and axiological dimensions of law are shown, thanks to which its essential and valuable connotations were revealed. It is because of its existence, implementation in society that law becomes a reality and can realize its essence – freedom. And thanks to its value dimensions, it is capable of being a general, universal, social regulator that carries values and protects them. It is shown how human values change in modern society and how the law should respond to this. The correlation of changes in the consciousness of modern people, which occurs under the influence of the strategy of product manufacturers – to increase sales, and this, of course, has profound systemic and structural consequences. A number of important socio-economic relations, which should be regulated by modern law in a consumer society, are considered, where the main issue can be defined as the relationship between those who produce goods and those who consume them. It was determined that today’s law must remain relevant and quickly change as needed, based on the trends of social development. Scientific novelty. It was determined that the phenomenon of law, despite social changes, remains a key value dimension of society and a social regulator that can ensure the realization of individual human aspirations and the general public interest as a whole. Socio-economic processes occurring in society are closely related to general cultural ones, and changes occur both at the level of the objective world and at the level of consciousness of individuals and collective consciousness, and law plays one of the key roles in this process. Conclusions. It was found that law today can only be considered in a broad, philosophical sense as a phenomenon, since in the modern consumer society it plays the role of a significant social regulator, and also reflects the most important and significant values and social changes occurring at the level of society.

Contribution of M. V. Vasiliev to the creation of a scientific-technical and experimental base for the development of unique objects of rocket and space technology

M. S. Khorolskyi — 2024-01-11

Antiquity as an ideal and a factor in the formation of the intellectual landscape of Ukraine in the second half of the XVIII – early ХІХ centuries

O. I. Zhurba — 2024-01-10

The role and place of ancient intellectual heritage (fiction, mythology, historical works, political and philosophical treatises) in the formation of the intellectual landscape of Ukraine during the late Enlightenment are presented and analyzed. The purpose of the work was to find out the methods of assimilation and instrumentalization of the culture of Antiquity in the Ukrainian intellectual environment. The research methodology is based on intellectual history approaches aimed at identifying the mechanisms of formation and structures of the intellectual landscape of certain cultural areas. The presentation of the main material is aimed at the representation of the process of reception of the texts of the Antiquity era in the spiritual-cultural and social-political space of Left Bank Ukraine. Algorithms for assimilation of the ancient heritage have been identified: studying in domestic and foreign institutions, forming one’s own libraries, getting acquainted with the texts of ancient authors in the original and through the work of European educators. The personnel potential of Ukrainian translators of ancient Greek and ancient Roman works was determined, the repertoire of translations of ancient authors and their thematic priorities were clarified. It is emphasized that the appeal to Antiquity was determined both by the pan-European cultural discourse of the Age of Enlightenment and by the peculiarities of the regional social and socio-economic situation. Representatives of the Ukrainian intellectual elite used the plots, images, and styles of Antiquity as a tool for developing and justifying strategies and tactics for the protection of national interests in the process of integration into imperial structures. Conclusion. Ancient heritage in the second half of the XVIII – at the beginning of the ХІХ century became an important cultural resource in the formation of the intellectual landscape of Left Bank Ukraine. This was due to the prevailing cultural discourse of the Enlightenment, the available personnel potential, and the social and aesthetic demand of the ancient heritage. Her patriotic pathos was actively used to defend the special status of the Motherland as part of the empire, to create a national elite socio-cultural space. Classical heritage has become an effective means of status positioning and an instrument of career strategies of the educated classes. Crisis of the Enlightenment Paradigm at the Edge of the XVIII–XIX centuries created the conditions for rethinking Antiquity in the categories of modern times («Aeneid» by I. Kotlyarevskyi). Its use as an important factor in the intellectual landscape ended at the time of the birth of the modern Ukrainian ethnic project.

Peculiarities of the operation of the tractor market in connection with their import deliveries to the territory of Ukraine at the beginning of the 20th century

O. G. Kryvokon Kryvokon — 2024-01-10

Based on the analysis of historical materials, archival sources and publications in the periodical press, the peculiarities of the formation and functioning of the market of agricultural tractors in the territories of the Russian Empire and Ukraine at the beginning of the 20th century (1908–1917) were investigated. In particular, the general historical context in which tractors were imported and distributed was analyzed. The list of the main manufacturing companies that supplied tractor equipment to the territory of Ukraine and the brands of the most popular tractors has larifyied. As a result of the study, it was found that the tsarist government pursued a liberal policy regarding the import of tractors and other complex agricultural machinery. However, it did not have a clear policy regarding the functioning and development of this market in terms of the main parameters: what was the need for tractors at the time, what types of tractors were most suitable for local conditions, how to properly develop own tractor manufacturing, etc. This allows us to conclude that on the territory of the Russian Empire and Ukraine, the tractor market was formed spontaneously, mostly under the influence of offers for tractor equipment that came from its manufacturers and demand from large landowners and peasant farms. As a result, by 1917, about 1,500 tractors of various types, mostly American-made, were imported into Russia. Most of them entered the Ukrainian market. The leading positions in this market were occupied by the International Company of Harvesting Machines in America, the companies “Hart-Parr”, “Rumely” and some others. Most of the tractors were used in large landowner farms that specialized in growing sugar beets. A major role in the popularization and spread of tractors was played by the Bureau of Agricultural Mechanics, which operated under the Scientific Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, the All-Russian Chamber of Agriculture, the Kyiv Society of Western Zemstvos for the Sale of Agricultural Machines and Tools, the Kharkiv Society of Agriculture and some other organizations. In this regard, the All-Russian factory-plant, trade-industrial, agricultural and scientific-art exhibition held in Kyiv in the summer of 1913 was also important. It was found that the competition between the main manufacturers of tractor equipment contributed to the increase in demand for it, although due to its high cost, it remained inaccessible to most farmers. At the same time, the increase in the number of foreign tractors gave impetus to the development of own tractor manufacturing, which received state support already in Soviet times. The work uses general scientific research methods.

Business practices of entrepreneurs of the South of Ukraine in the field of services (end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century)

O. В. Shliakhov — 2024-01-10

The purpose of the study is to highlight the peculiarities of the deployment of entrepreneurial activity in the field of providing services to the population of the southern Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. Research methods were used: problem-chronological, historical-genetic, retrospective. Scientific novelty: on the basis of a wide range of sources, the entrepreneurial practices of representatives of the business circles of Southern Ukraine in the field of household services of the population in the modern period have been characterized. Main results. It is noted that in the post-reform period, a large group of entrepreneurs was formed in the region (numbering approximately 3.5 thousand people), who were engaged in business activities in the service sector, making quite considerable fortunes. After all, entrepreneurial activity in this area did not require the involvement of significant capital and was characterized by a sufficiently fast turnover of funds. At the same time, guild service establishments in the Kherson province brought the biggest profits to their owners. In particular, hotels in Odessa had an average profit of 46,000 rubles per year. In turn, non-guild enterprises in the field of services also brought the largest profits to their owners in Kherson region – 19–20 %, and the lowest income – 13–14 %, had the owners of similar establishments in Katerynoslav region. In Tavria province in 1896, this figure was 15 %. Accordingly, it was in the Kherson region at the end of the 19th century the largest number of guild and non-guild individual private enterprises operating in the service of the population – 1575 establishments. Using the example of the city of Odesa, it was found that in terms of social composition, among the owners of service establishments in 1913, the majority were burghers, who owned 96 enterprises or 46,8 %. The representatives of the peasantry took the conditional second place – 54 institutions or 26,3 %. This was followed by merchants and honorable citizens – 21,5 %, as well as representatives of the nobility and officials – 5,4 %. After all, by creating numerous hotels, inns, restaurants, taverns, coffee shops, hairdressers and baths, these businessmen played a significant role in meeting the various needs of the residents of the cities of Kherson, Katerynoslav and Tavria provinces. Attention was drawn to the fact that ethnic Russians, Jews and Germans predominated among the representatives of business circles who created enterprises in this branch of the national economy. At the same time, Ukrainians by origin were quite actively involved in the activities in the field of service. Type of article: descriptive.

To the history of pandemics: statistics and forecast.

V. M. Gamaliia — 2024-01-10

The article is devoted to the study of human experience related to fight against a viral disease known as influenza infection. The outbreaks of the disease occurred over several millennia and described in the surviving documentary sources are considered. The main attention is paid to investigations of native epidemiologists on this problem. In particular, an analysis of works published more than 80 years ago is shown. It is emphasized that some elements of the influenza epidemic described in this publication are in many respects similar to the features of the modern coronavirus pandemic. History of studies devoted to mechanism of infection transmission is described. Significant attention is paid to the developments of scientists associated with the problem of identifying the causative agent of the disease. The contribution of native scientists in revealing the features of the pathogenesis of infection diseases is highlighted. It is noted that important factors in the spread of infection nowadays are globalization and migration processes. It is emphasized that the speed of infectious diseases spread is considerably caused by the capabilities of modern transport too. The history of studies related to the prevention of influenza by immunization and vaccination is reviewed. A comparative analysis of the application of these prophylactic arrangements in a historical retrospective is given. The possibility of preventing the spread of a viral infection by taking appropriate measures was emphasized. The important role of the mass media is indicated, which consists in timely and truthful information of the population. The position of leading modern scientists on this issue, in particular, M. Honigsbaum, K. G. Vasiliev, S. V. Komisarenko etc. is cited. It is summarized, that the works of native epidemiologists L. V. Hromashevskyi, N. F. Gamaleya, D. S. Samoilovych and others has not lost its relevance and can be the basis for the searching effective methods to combat influenza infection in future.

Scientific relationships between Dmytro Yavornyts’kyi and Dmytro Bagaliy (based on the correspondence between historians)

V. I. Voronov — 2024-01-10

The goal of the article is to analyze the essence, directions and main results of scientific contacts between Dmytro Yavornyts’kyi and Dmytro Bagaliy – two famous Ukrainian historians, worked in the second half of the 19th-the first third of the 20th centuries. To achieve this goal the author uses a wide range of research methods, including historical-chronological, historical-genetic, historical-typological and biographical methods. An information base used by the author includes: published correspondence of historians, other sources of personal origin, some of their scientific works, as well as the historiographical tradition of studying the topic, represented by key special scientific works authored by modern Ukrainian researchers. The author’s research determines that scientific contacts between Dmytro Yavornyts’kyi and Dmytro Bagaliy were focused on: exchange of scientific literature, organization and holding of archaeological artifacts exhibitions during various scientific events, cooperation on archaeology, museum and archival work, as well as intellectual support of each other’s scientific efforts and important achievements. It is noted that their epistolary and personal scientific relationships were not very stable. There were periods of increased intensity (the period of archeological congresses in Ukrainian cities at the turn of two centuries, as well as the 1920s), and peculiar declines in scientific communication (between 1906 and 1918). The author also have found that there were some minor misunderstandings between historians. As a conclusion, the author emphasizes, that Dmytro Yavornyts’kyi and Dmytro Bagaliy can hardly be classified as likeminded scientists on key topics of historical sciences of Ukrainе. They have never been close in the methodological, spiritual and mental sense. However, they vividly demonstrated the possibilities of real scientific cooperation between specialists, primarily due to their significant efforts to raise Ukrainian national historiography.

Professor P. M. Mukhachov: on the question of the definition of the scientific and technical school of locomotive building

M. P. Zaveriushchenko — 2024-01-10

The article discusses the question of domestic steam locomotive industry development at the end of the 19th and 20th centuries for the purpose of defining the research team which was formed within the Kharkiv Institute of Technology (KHTI) as the P. M. Mukhachov Scientific and Technical School of Steam Locomotive Construction. The formation of steam locomotive construction in Ukraine took place at the end of the 19th century and was associated with the opening of new plants. Industry development required specialists in the design and operation of steam locomotives. Scientific centers emerged on the institutions of higher technical education basis, in particular, the Kharkiv Technical Institute, which began training railway transport engineers in 1892. Professor P. M. Mukhachov was the founder of this training direction. It was found that the creation of a research department under the leadership of a scientist contributed to the formation of a powerful research team that conducted promising research on the creation of various steam locomotives designs. The scientific and design activities of the following students and followers of P. M. Mukhachov were studied and analyzed: O. S. Raevsky, M. I. Kartashov, V. V. Monich, P. A. Soroka, P. M. Sharoykо and S. M. Kutsenko. O. S. Rajevsky studied the interaction of track and rolling stock, he created the scientific basis for the technological processes of designing and constructing steam locomotives. M. I. Kartashov studied the classification of contemporary railways and types of steam locomotives, emphasized the need to develop a clear strategy for the development of railway transport. V. V. Monich emphasized the importance of interaction between manufacturing enterprises and institutions of higher education regarding the use of advanced technologies, conducting research and training engineering personnel. Under the leadership of P. A. Soroka, the Luhansk Steam Locomotive Plant was retooled for the production and production of steam locomotives. Automatic, mechanized and flow lines, closed areas have been created. The scientific and practical activity of P. M. Sharoykо contributed to the design and adjustment of the serial production of new types of domestic steam locomotives, the continuation of the improvement of the teaching of steam locomotive engineering in higher educational institutions. S. M. Kutsenko studied the importance of electrical engineering for the development of domestic railway transport. Scientists have trained a galaxy of famous scientists and engineers in the field. The activities of Professor P. M. Mukhachov and his followers give grounds for asserting that the scientific research team created by him made significant contributions to the development of the steam locomotive industry in Ukraine. His students, designing new models of steam locomotives (electric locomotives, locomotives), continued the work started by him and researched and developed various areas of the industry. The raised question regarding the scientific school of steam locomotive construction of Professor P. M. Mukhachov needs further study based on the involvement of additional archival sources.

Vernadsky Project «Ukrainian Academy of Sciences»: To the 160th anniversary of the birth of academician V. I. Vernadskyi

V. I. Onoprienko — 2024-01-11

The organizational formation of Ukrainian academic science in 1918 is considered. The subject of the study is the project of V. I. Vernadskyi “Ukrainian Academy of Sciences”. The complexity of this project and its innovative components are shown. In particular, significant organizational expansion of natural science research. Attention was drawn to the prediction in the project of the need for organizational foundations of research in the field of applied sciences. The article takes into account the research experience of the mentioned issue in modern Ukrainian historiography. At the same time, attention was drawn to the contradictory views of V. I. Vernadsky regarding the national nature of the development of Ukrainian science. It is noted that V. I. Vernadskyi’s concept of the development of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences was much broader and richer than the concept proposed by M. S. Hrushevskyi. Some details of V. I. Vernadskyi’s discussion with M. S. Hrushevskyi on this matter have been disclosed. It is shown that V. I. Vernadskyi’s project was not limited to the creation of such a structure as the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. It was also extended to the creation of structures important for the functioning of academic institutions, such as the National Library of Ukraine. It is claimed that the defining feature of V. I. Vernadsky’s project “Ukrainian Academy of Sciences” was its systematicity. The project involved an organic combination of a number of conceptual factors of the organization of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, one of which is the need for the recognition of the Ukrainian Academy by the international academic community. The presented concept of V. I. Vernadskyi for the creation of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences should, in the opinion of the authors, contribute to the awareness of the world scientific community of the historical paths of the development of science in Ukraine. The given concept testifies to the significant positive influence of the national movement on the development of the foundations of the functioning of the state and the use of its scientific potential. As an appendix to the article, the concept of the scientific community and the main principles of its functioning are given and briefly discussed. In particular, it is stated that science as a profession, in its activity, has cardinal differences from the determinants of behavior characteristic of administrative and corporate activities.

Evolution of organizational forms of Ukrainian academic science

G. L. Zvonkova — 2024-01-11

The article highlights and analyzes the evolution of the main forms of organization of science since the creation of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Thanks to general and special-historical research methods (chronological, comparative-historical, problem-chronological), an attempt is made to recreate the chronology of the emergence of the main structures of the organization of science in the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The relationship between the theoretical and practical work of these structures is analyzed. Thanks to the analysis of the activity of scientific structures, certain conclusions have been made regarding their efficiency and practical orientation. It is shown that since the beginning of the XX century the collective work of researchers has become a priority in science and is extremely necessary for its further progress. The activities of lone scientists were replaced by the work of large research teams and scientific schools – specific informal associations of scientists, the amount of scientific information received began to increase sharply. Scientific institutes and laboratories became the main structures of science – the most effective forms in which significant teams of researchers were concentrated. It is shown that the activity of various forms of organization of academic science in Ukraine, at a certain stage of time, was fruitful and fully justified itself. The study of experience of the activity of research departments, institutions, scientific centers gives an opportunity to use this experience in the future, taking into account the socio-political situation. Information is provided on the emergence and activity of a network of research departments, specialized research institutes in various fields of knowledge. The prerequisites and practical activities of the Scientific Centers of the Academy are covered. It has been proven that the study of the historical experience of the work of certain organizational structures is a very relevant issue for today.

Transformation processes in the sphere of European higher education as a response to global challenges.

T. V. Bessalova — 2024-01-11

The problems of the functioning and development of European higher education in the modern global environment are considered. It is studied the main transformational processes taking place in the European higher education system, which proved that at the current stage of development, no country without high-quality training of specialists or the development of scientific research is able to ensure the level of progress and sustainable development. It is shown that under these conditions, higher education, having a direct impact on the life of society, becomes a key factor in providing resources for social transformations and economic development. It was established that the reaction of European countries to the world’s dynamic changes caused by global challenges was the formation of the European space of higher education and the creation of systems for ensuring and guaranteeing its quality. This is primarily related to the search for mechanisms to improve the quality of higher education and scientific research in European universities, the need to form high-quality human capital and the achievement of the strategic goal of creating a «Europe of knowledge», which sets high requirements for the level of qualifications of employees. It was established that the creation of the European higher education zone and the structures that ensure its quality have become an important component of the modernization of the European education system and the most successful project of the EU. It is shown that the key role in the formation of a common educational space belonged to the decisions that were made within the framework of the Bologna process, which determined the main trends in the further development of higher education in European countries. The importance of studying the progressive experience of European countries in the development of the educational system for Ukraine has been proven. It is emphasized that the system of higher education of Ukraine must follow the path of mutual approximation of its own achievements and the latest European experience in matters of the future development of higher education. It is important on this path to realize that the development of the national educational space according to European standards should be combined with the heritage and traditions of the Ukrainian higher school and be the result of gradual integration in order to prevent the conflict of European innovations and national features of the Ukrainian educational system.

Formation of monument protection activities in the territory of Kharkiv region in the post-war period (1945–1953)

Ya. V. Likholietov — 2024-01-11

The article examines the history of the development of monument protection activities on the territory of Kharkiv region in the post-war period, in the context of the all-Ukrainian system of protection of cultural heritage monuments. The main archival sources and scientific works were analyzed, the organizational operations of formation, directions and forms of activity of state bodies for the protection of cultural heritage, as well as their interaction with local self-government bodies in the sector of culture, architecture and art were considered. Attention is focused on the legal basis of the functioning of state structures, as well as the state of the cultural heritage protection system in the specified chronological period at the national level in general, and on the territory of Kharkiv region in particular. The ideological positions of the Soviet regime regarding the preservation of monuments after the Second World War, as well as propaganda ideas during the construction of new objects, which later became monuments, are highlighted. At that time, monumental propaganda was actively developing, as monuments that reflected historical, military and revolutionary themes were mainly discovered and taken into account. The information about the first restoration and restoration works at the monuments of cultural heritage in the post-war period was studied. The practical activity of local bodies for the protection of cultural heritage in the context of the adopted legal acts, in particular the first post-war accounting of historical and architectural monuments, is considered. It was determined that during the first post-war decade, the Kharkiv region was a leader in identifying, recording and preserving cultural heritage objects. The study of regional peculiarities of the history of monument protection becomes a valid condition for the creation of a thorough work on the history of Ukrainian monument protection in a regional context. The study of individual phenomena related to the dynamics of the formation of the monument protection case in the post-war period is important in the context of identifying the mistakes and achievements of specialists of the outlined period, as well as for the further consistent implementation of the latest measures to improve the Ukrainian monument protection legislation.

Women in the political and socio-economic life of Mykolaiv region from the second half of the 19th to the first third of the 20th centuries

S. V. Berezhna — 2024-01-11

The article analyzes the societal status of women, their possibilities for social activity, and the types of women’s movements in the second half of the 19th to the first third of the 20th century, taking into account regional specificities. The chosen region for the study is Mykolaiv Oblast, which is determined by the existence of a number of distinctions in defining gender roles in comparison to the overall Ukrainian practice. The militarized nature of the region led to the preservation of a significant masculine component in the mentality of the local population for an extended period. It was the military personnel who constituted the local elite, among whom emancipatory attitudes characteristic of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century were supposed to form. Furthermore, the gender ratio in the population of Mykolaiv Oblast was not in favor of women. By the end of the 19th century, the majority of the male population had state-guaranteed earnings and pension provision for their families in case of tragic events, while the female segment, even if comparable in numbers, was still perceived mentally as mere «ornaments» confined to the private sphere. Therefore, more ideal conditions for preserving a patriarchal order in society could hardly be sought. It has been demonstrated that Mykolaiv Oblast underwent a unique transformation from a region characterized by a “dual” masculinity and the dismissal of the «women’s question» to a more emancipated state of the community. In this community, the structure of «Soviet feminism» in the form of women’s departments found its niche and laid the foundation for the social mobility of the younger generation of women.

Life is like a reservoir into which a scientist who is completely devoted to his work plunges

Ju. L. Poleva — 2024-01-11

The article is devoted to the description of the pages of the life and scientific activity of the outstanding Ukrainian scientist N. I. Zagubizhenko, who made a great contribution to the formation of the theoretical base on the enrichment of natural and artificial water bodies with fodder resources in the conditions of the Steppe zone of Ukraine. Being a student of the doctor of biological sciences, professor P. O. Zhuravel [1,2], who believed that the enrichment of the benthic fauna of the Steppe zone of Ukraine can be carried out by introducing animal organisms that are absent in these reservoirs, which are characterized by wide plasticity and high vitality [9,12,15], Nadezhda Ivanovna Zagubizhenko was engaged in the study of the reconstruction of the benthic fauna of the reservoirs of southeastern Ukraine. In connection with the instability of the fodder base of water bodies in the Steppe zone of Ukraine, the question of the introduction of representatives of the estuarine fauna, their habituation and inclusion in the food rations of a number of commercial fish was and remains relevant in the current period of time. According to the nature of nutrition, most acclimatizers are biofilters [9], for which there is a sufficient amount of food in the form of detritus, the remains of higher aquatic vegetation, in most reservoirs of the Steppe zone of Ukraine. The conduct and substantiation of these research works were of a positive nature and have a significant contribution to the scientific base, theory, and practice of enriching water bodies with fodder resources and preserving the environment. The quality of water at all times has been and is one of the main indicators of the standard of living, therefore, all developed societies make every effort to provide the population and economy with a sufficient amount of water of a quality that is adequate to the requirements of the consumer. Most of the water comes from natural sources – rivers, lakes, reservoirs, the water quality of which must not only be assessed, but also predicted. Two main components are responsible for the quality of water in nature – the catchment basin and the ecological system of the water body [6, p. 36]. Each of them is located in certain conditions of geography and climate, characteristic of the region under study, in our research – the Steppe zone of Ukraine.

To the initial biography of M. Posen: analysis of the archival case «Of two different Posen brothers».

M. Yu. Bulanyi — 2024-01-11

The purpose of the article is to introduce into the scientific circulation and analyze the description of the archival case regarding the conversion to Christianity of the famous figure of the Great Reforms of the middle of the 19th century, the author of one of the first projects to solve the peasant question, Poltava landowner M. Posen and traced and trace the initial stage of its inclusion in the administrative and social structures of the Dnieper Ukraine and the Russian еmpire. The research methodology is represented by a complex of scientific approaches and methods. A post-generational approach, a logical method, was involved in the work, with the help of which the essence and mechanisms of social adaptation of vortices were revealed. Methods of analysis and synthesis of source material were also used; the method of generalization to create a holistic image of the relationship of the imperial elites with eddies in the age of modernization changes, the institutional method to reveal the relationship of state, public and religious institutions to converted Jews, the problem-chronological method to establish the sequence of changes in faith-telling within two generations of a Jewish family. The scientific novelty lies in the introduction into scientific circulation of a number of sources from Russian archives that became inaccessible to Ukrainian scientists due to the war. The prospects of further studies by domestic historians of the «Cases of two different Posen brothers» consist in the involvement of this case in the reconstruction of M. Posen’s initial career, the study of the history of the transformation of identities, studies of Judaica and other branches of historical science. Conclusions. The published sources make it possible to significantly clarify and expand ideas about the biography of M. Posen and his family, to refute the versions established in historiography about his origin and the beginning of his career as an imperial official, to outline the personal traits and circle of acquaintances that allowed him to enter the imperial elite and make a successful career.

THOUGHTS ABOUT THE BOOK. O. Gabovych, V. Kuznetsov. Philosophy of scientific theories.

A. S. Litvinko — 2024-01-11